Vyshkovo
Vyshkovo is a town in Khust district of Zakarpattia region of Ukraine. It is located in the valley of the Tisza River, near the border with Romania. It was first mentioned in 1271. Shayanska mineral water is produced not far from the village. There is a botanical natural monument in the village - the Tulip Tree.
In 1891, a bronze treasure of 17 items was found in the vicinity of Vyshkove. On Vyshkove mountain there is a settlement that rises steeply above the Tysa river.
The overwhelming majority of Vyshkovo's population is Hungarian, who use Hungarian time and Hungarian symbols in their daily lives. Vyshkovo was founded in 1271, and the first written mention under the name Vyshk dates back to 1273. Historical sources contain information that not far from Vyshkovo, on the Var-Hed (or Var-Hed) mountain, which means Castle Mountain, there was a fortification that, along with the fortresses of Khust, Korolevo, and Sevliush, controlled the waterway on the Tisza, which was used by salt caravans from the Solotvyno mines. The earthen fortress was built by the brothers Mik and Istvan Csepa of the Hunt-Pazman family in 1281, and in the mid-14th century a stone castle was built here. Over time, the imperfect defensive structures of the Vyshkiv fortress ceased to serve their purpose, and the functions of protecting salt caravans were transferred to the Khust castle. Locals say that the only castle in the area was located 8-10 km southeast of Vyshkovo, but it was razed to the ground long ago. In 1329, the settlement received the status of a "free royal city" of the Maramorosky Comitat.
In the early 16th century, German colonists settled here. In 1514, many residents of Vyshkovo took part in the peasant war led by György Doži, and after suppressing the uprising, the king imposed a large contribution on the rebellious towns. According to J. Sternberg, the coat of arms of Vyshkovo in 1620 depicted a natural-colored mountain goat on a silver background, standing on a green mountain with three peaks. The village seal also depicted a mountain goat.
Back in the second half of the 13th century, one of the first stone churches in Transcarpathia was built in Vyshkovo, which served as a defense church. Initially, the church belonged to the Roman Catholic community, and later to supporters of Calvinism. The Reformed Church of St. Nicholas has survived to this day and is an original architectural monument. The church is a one-nave tent church with a five-walled apse covered with a steep pitched roof.
In 1657, the church hosted a meeting of the State Assembly of Transylvania, convened by Prince György Rákóczi II, who arrived here with an army heading for Poland. However, even with the support of King Charles XII of Sweden and Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the campaign ended in defeat. Polish troops led by Prince Lubomirski caused great damage to the settlements of the region, including Vyshkovo.
In 1717, the church, like most towns and villages in the Tisza valley, was burned by the Crimean Tatars. The church lay in ruins for 33 years. In 1789 the church was rebuilt in the Baroque style, and in 1868 a tower with a high spire was built. The building acquired its modern appearance after reconstruction in the early 20th century. The interior paintings of 1789 and 1868 have been preserved. The painted wooden benches are also worthy of attention. Near the church there is a wooden bell tower of the Marmaros type covered with shingles.
In the middle of the 17th century a school with Hungarian language of instruction was opened at the Reformed church, and in 1824 a school for the Ukrainian population was opened. Next to the aforementioned Reformed Church, there is an interesting memorial made of carved wooden sculptures, erected in memory of important historical events in Vyshkovo.
Istvan Loššu (1797-1852), one of the founders of Hungarian statistics in Hungary, was a native of Vyshkovo. A memorial plaque was installed in 1896 on the house where he was born and lived.
In 1920-30, the Czech authorities took certain steps in the development of culture. There were 3 folk (elementary) schools in the village, with 23 teachers in 1938. Starting in 1928, a 250-seat cinema was operating, an outpatient clinic, a doctor, a post office, and many private shops. Vyshkovo was proud of the new club built in 1935, which had no analogues in the region at that time, and it still performs this function properly.
The political attitude of the residents of Vyshkovo to the events that were taking place in Transcarpathia at that time is interesting. Few people supported the activities of the Carpathian Sich, a tiny number of people emigrated to the Soviet Union, there was no partisan movement during the war, and the communist organization was not very powerful. During the Second World War, the adult male population of Ukrainian descent was also involved in the war against the Soviet Union. In the spring of 1944, the Hungarian fascists deported the entire Jewish population of 350 people to concentration camps. Many Vyshkiv residents died in the war on the Don Isthmus, where the elite 2nd Army was killed. The liberation, which came on October 23, 1944, after minor material devastation (part of the bridge over the Tisza was blown up), brought unexpected turns, on the one hand, positive and on the other, grief and suffering. Thus, hundreds of Hungarian men from Vyshkovo were taken to the Soviet Union for "small-scale labor", from where more than 100 people did not return, as evidenced by the memorial plaque on the walls of the Reformed Church with a list of their names. Then came collectivization for both the low-income and wealthy residents of Vyshkyi. It should be noted that land hunger has always existed here, with the peculiarity that the land was owned by small owners who cultivated the land themselves, rarely hiring labor. To buy a piece of land, people went to work in distant America.
In the spring of 1947, as many as 4 collective farms were formed, which soon merged into one called Prykordonnyk. The farm was diversified, producing meat, milk, horticulture, and growing industrial crops such as tobacco. Later on, auxiliary production was also established, especially such specific production as corn leaf products, for which Vyshkovo is still famous today.
Along with agriculture, industrial production also grew significantly, providing many jobs not only for the residents of Vyshkovo but also for the surrounding villages. This is the location in the village of the Berehove Geological Party branch for the development of the natural resources of the region. In 1970, the Zakarpattia Metallurgical Plant, the first non-ferrous metallurgical plant in Zakarpattia (mercury mining), started operating on the outskirts of Vyshkiv. In a short time, the plant built a whole town of metallurgists in the village with its own infrastructure and microclimate. Many specialist engineers from different parts of the country came to the village.
In the 60s and 70s, there was a significant explosion in the cultural life of the village, which was granted the status of an urban-type settlement in 1974. The population reached more than 10 thousand people. In the postwar period, and especially since the late 50s, such former farm settlements of hired laborers from the Carpathians as Yablunivka (the old name of the area Fenesh), Rakosh, Shayan, and Modiorsh were granted the status of villages. There has been an eight-year school in Yablunivka since 1958, and in Rakosh since 1967.
The healing springs of Maramarosh have been known since ancient times, and mentions of mineral springs on the southeastern outskirts of Vyshkovo, 15 km from Khust, date back to 1753. It is known that in 1818 one of the oldest and most famous baths in the Maramorosh region, the "Castle Bath", was founded on the basis of carbonic hydrocarbonate ferrous mineral waters. A rest house was opened here in 1952 and a sanatorium in 1957.
What does modern Vyshkovo look like at the turn of the millennium and the beginning of the 21st century? The answer is that Vyshkovo has always stood out among the surrounding settlements for its organization of work, leisure and recreation, and especially for its folk traditions. Vyshkovo residents have always stood out as well-known master builders whose work can be found all over the country and abroad. These are carpenters, masons and especially plasterers. This is why the architecture of the village is quite colorful and original. Nowadays, the residents of Vyshkyvka practice their construction skills abroad, mainly in Hungary. Some Hungarians have moved to this country for permanent residence.
Vyshkovo has given our country many talented people who have become famous in various fields of public activity. They are scientists, doctors, teachers, musicians, or athletes. These include Corresponding Member in Nuclear Physics at the Novosibirsk Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Heitsi Iosyp; Doctor of History, Professor, Dean of the History Faculty of Uzhhorod National University, Mandryk Ivan Oleksandrovych, a specialist in the history of Hungary; Doctor of Engineering at Lviv Polytechnic University, Luchko Iosyp; musician brothers Karl and Ludwig Pal; and Doctor of Medicine, Hayovych Volodymyr Ivanovych.
Visitors to the village are often surprised by the peculiarity of weddings or the sophistication of the cuisine, the interior design of modern housing, the yard, and even the mindset of the residents themselves. The colorful Vyshkovo is still multinational and multireligious today. Here, Hungarians and Ukrainians continue to live in peace and harmony, tolerantly respecting and adopting each other's best traditions. The four main religious denominations, represented by the Reformed, Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, and Orthodox churches, exist in respect for each other. By the way, it should be noted that a significant number of Ukrainians are fluent in Hungarian, and some families speak it in everyday life. The internationalism of Vyshkovo's residents is evidenced by the traditional autumn harvest festival (Szureti Bal), where young men ride horses in national costumes. Modern Vyshkovo is almost completely gasified, with a high level of motorization and a relatively high standard of living for some residents. Big changes are taking place in the village with the transition to a market economy. The central square of Vyshkovo, which is one of the largest in the region for this kind of settlement, has been decorated with modern private buildings.
Also, every year in June, the International Festival "Crowns Together Again" is held, where representatives of the crown cities of Maramures region from Romania, Hungary and Vyshkovo, as well as the cities of Khust and Tyachiv meet.
There is a "Museum of Life" in Vyshkovo, which presents the life of the village population in the early twentieth century.
Turul is a sacred bird of Hungarian mythology, a messenger of the gods who, according to legend, brought the Ugrians from the Urals to the Carpathians, and in general, almost all the major events of the ancient history of this people are associated with it.
In the second half of the 13th century, one of the first stone churches in Zakarpattia was built in Vyshkiv.
The 12-manual organ, decorated in the Gothic style, has been preserved here. It was restored in 1675 after a large flood and in 1669 after a fire. The roof was replaced in 1717 after the Tatar invasion. There is a sundial on the south wall of the church. In the courtyard there is a bell tower with two bells. One was made in 1887 weighing 800 kg, the other in 1934 weighing 300 kg.
Next to the Reformed Church there is an interesting memorial made of carved wooden sculptures, erected in memory of important historical events in Vyshkovo.
Fact: The ethnic composition of the population is predominantly Hungarian, so all the names on the signs are duplicated in Ukrainian and Hungarian, and there is a Hungarian school.
Sanatoriums, recreation centers
- State Enterprise "Sanatorium "Shayan" of PJSC "Medical and Health Institutions of Trade Unions of Ukraine", treatment and rehabilitation, conference hall, cafe, sports ground, cafe, cultural and mass recreation evenings, Shayan village, (03142) 59-230, 59-232; http://www.sanshayan.com.ua
- Transcarpathian branch of "Creative Workshop Visak" LLC, treatment and rehabilitation, cafe-bar, dining room, fireplace room, sauna with 2 swimming pools, fitness center and gym, table tennis, own ski lift (350 m), ski equipment rental, pump room, billiards, guarded parking, Shayan village, (03142) 59-391, 59-312, visak.ic.uz.ua.
- "Aqua-Carpathia" LLC, treatment and rehabilitation, pump room, Spa-procedures, physiotherapy, salt therapy (salt room), "Kolyba", conference hall, swimming pool, sports ground, tennis court, gym, Shayan village, (03142) 59-228, 59-310, karpatia.com.ua, [email protected];
- Shayan branch of the medical and rehabilitation center "Pearl of Prykarpattia" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, treatment and rehabilitation, indoor swimming pool, gym, Shayan village, (03142) 59-334.
- SE Svityaz LLC "Hotel Maramorosh", restaurant, gym, children's room, tea house, billiards, sports ground, mineral water pump room, parking lot, Shayan village, (03142) 59-313, 59-326; http://maramorosh.net
- tourist complex "Ernei Laz", two-storey wooden cottages, hotel with rooms of different categories, restaurant, gym, billiards, swimming pool, sports ground, children's room, bathhouse, excursion services, Shayan village, (03142) 59-366. http://www.erneylaz.com.ua
- Hotel complex "Grace", rooms of different categories, restaurant, sports ground, swimming pool, billiards, sauna, excursion services, parking, Shayan village, (03142) 59-380, www.hotel-blagodat.com, [email protected];
- tourist complex "Legend of Shayan", wooden cottages of different categories, restaurant, Russian bath, bath with quartz sauna, lake, fishing, sports ground, Shayan village, (03142) 59-354, www.legenda-tur.com.ua.
- Hotel complex "Chervona Ruta", cottages of different categories, restaurant, swimming pools, children's playground, bicycles, gazebos and barbecues made of natural stone, tennis court, billiards, summer skating rink, massage and beauty salons, Shayan village, 03142-59-240, www.chervona-ruta.com, [email protected];
- hotel complex "Edelweiss", rooms of different categories, parking, Shayan village, 050-317-81-40, [email protected]; http://edelveiss.com.ua;
- Smerichka hotel complex, restaurant, sauna, parking lot, Shayan village, (03142) 59-362, [email protected];
- Holuba Tysa recreation complex, wooden cottages, restaurant, summer terrace, barbecue, outdoor pool, playground, bicycle and ski equipment rental, parking, Shayan village, (03142) 59288;
- private estate "Perlyna Zakarpattya", wooden and brick cottages, cafe, parking, swimming pool with sun loungers, lake, sauna, roe deer enclosure, gazebos, swing, playground, table tennis, parking, Shayan village, (03142) 57535, [email protected]; http://perlina-shayan.com;
- private estate "Smerekova Hata", wooden cottages, restaurant with summer terrace, sauna, gazebos, parking, Shayan village, 098-521-98-88;
- VIP House "Gnezdo Golubky", elegant and comfortable VIP rooms, restaurant, Russian bath, swimming pool with cold water from a mountain spring, satellite TV, internet, Shayan village, gnezdogolubki.com.ua;
- Hotel "Lavanda", comfortable rooms, sauna, swimming pool, billiards, relaxation room, excursions, parking, Shayan village, 096-968-79-80;
- hotel "Stupari", comfortable rooms, parking, mineral water pump room, restaurant, terrace, transfer, excursions, mineral baths, solarium, massage, fishing, Shayan village, 09779516877
- Khorinis Hotel, comfortable rooms, parking, terrace, transfer, excursions, kitchen, swimming pools, (0314) 25 93 51;
- recreation area "Siloam Baths", the lake is surrounded by low mountains, 5 wooden cottages, more than 20 gazebos, a mini-zoo, catamarans and boats, a children's pool, a water slide, fishing, parking, Shayan village, 067-939-79-36, shayan-ozero.com.ua, [email protected];
- Pablo Spa Hotel, relaxation not only for the body but also for the soul. Rooms that do not look like each other, because each is decorated in its own unique way (Provencal, Mediterranean and country style), a mineral water pump room, sauna and jacuzzi, swimming pool and salt room, massage therapists, cryotherapy sessions, vats of hot beer, a real Ukrainian hayloft over the vat, a craft brewery, a grill, a gazebo, a playground, bicycle rental, parking, a tennis table, a trampoline, the village. Vyshkovo, 0976363200, [email protected]
- Hotel "Tulip", comfortable rooms, parking, transfer, excursions, home cooking, satellite TV, gazebo, barbecue, sauna with swimming pool, garden, Vyshkovo village, 0677781915
- Equestrian club "Adrenaline" (riding school), horseback riding in Shayan village and its surroundings; near a mini-zoo (badger, rabbits, fox, quail, sheep, calf, etc.), Shayan village, 0964609353.
Mineral water bottling
- Shayany Mineral Water Company, developer of mineral water "Shayanska 242" and table water, Vyshkovo village, (03142) 97-530;
- Shayan Mineral Waters LLC, developer of Shayanska 242, Dragivska and table waters, Vyshkovo, (03142) 4-41-67, ciljushhikrynyci.ua;
- AQUA LLC, development of Shayanska 2 mineral water, Shayan village, (03142) 4-50-37;
- VKKP "Reserve Shayan Springs", developer of mineral water "Shayanska 242", Shayan village, 067-465-20-28, 098-768-89-10, www.zapovitna.com.
Відео
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